Maize: Zea mays Linn.

1. SMUT

The disease is prevalent in all maize growing areas of the world except Australia and New Zealand. The disease is mostly confined to the Himalayas, Kashmir valley and West Bengal.

Symptoms: The pathogen produces as soft tumors or galls on almost all plant parts of above ground. The galls are formed on the ears, axillary buds, tassels, stalks and may be some times on the leaves. The disease is become apparent when galls of different sizes are seen. The size of gall may reach upto 10 cm or more in diameter. The outer tissues of the gall are dull white or grey coloured, much shiny from the surface. The smut produces black powdery mass of spores. The young spores mixed with gelatinous matrix become dry on maturity. The galls on young seedlings may result in extreme dwarfing or death of maize plants.
Causal organism: The smut disease of maize is caused by Ustilago maydis (DC) Corda. The spores are spherical to ellipsoidal, 8-11 µm in diameter, brown or black with spiny ornamentation on walls. The spores produce one or more septate promycelium which bears unicellular ovate sporidia. Disease Cycle: The maize plants are infected through wounds or natural openings from the air borne spores and sporidia. The heterothallic pathogen released haploid sporidia from promycelia, produce infection hyphae and cause weak infection in the host plants. When two compatible haploid hyphae fuse in the host tissues, they produce dikayotic pathogenic hyphae which become diploid at gall formation stage. Teliospores are produced in the galls and overwinter in the soil and maize stubbles. The teliospores are diploid and germinate in next growing season by forming four celled basidium and each cell of basidium bears long basidiospores. The basidiospores are of two types or strains denoted with + and - symbols that infect young maize plants.		(Photographs with courtesy of Leonardo Minaré Braúna)

Disease Management: The control of smut disease by sanitation practices or chemical fungicides is very difficult. The cultivation of smut resistant varieties is the most effective method to control the disease.

2. BROWN SPOT

The disease has been reported in many maize growing areas of the world. The important countries are China, India, Japan and USA. The brown spot disease of maize has minor significance in India but may be severe under favourable environmental conditions. The disease was first time reported in India from Bihar by Shaw in 1910.

Symptoms: The symptoms of the disease occur on leaf blade, leaf sheath and culms. The primary symptoms are water soaked lesions of light green at first and turn reddish brown to brown finally on the leaves. The oval shaped lesions may coalesce to form a large brown blotch. The leaf blade at basal portion has more number of spots and blotches. The affected leaves die prematurely. The same type of symptoms is also present on leaf sheath and stem. The stem tissues are weakened due to severe infection of the pathogen and may breaks at the point of infection. (Photograph with courtesy of Leonardo Minaré Braúna)
Causal Organism: The pathogen causing brown spot disease of maize is Physoderma zeae-maydis Shaw. The coenocytic hyphae of the pathogen produce smooth and brown coloured flat sporangia measures 24-26 x 22-24 µm. The sporangia open through a lid and produce uniflagellate, hyaline, thin walled zoospores measures 5-7 x 3-4 µm. These zoospores, when come in contact with the leaves, germinate and infect host cells. The infected plants produce sporangia inside the host tissues. These sporangia may remain viable for 4-7 years. The primary infection is found through the soil borne sporangia and secondary infection is by spores formed on host surface carried by air. (Photograph with courtesy of Leonardo Minaré Braúna)

Disease Cycle: The fungus is an obligate parasite, persisting inside the host tissue even after crop harvest. At the next cropping season, these sporangia disseminate as air borne spores, releasing zoospores when thin water film is available. The zoospores are attached with leaves and germinate by producing infection hyphae. The hyphae enter into the host tissues and produce characteristic symptoms of the disease. The disease is occurring in severe form if high temperature (27-29 °C) and moisture are present at the early growth period of the host.

Disease Management: The field sanitation practices are useful and reduce the inoculum potential. The long crop rotation is recommended.

3. RUST

The disease is commonly found in warmer countries of the world where maize crop is grown such as Africa, India, South Europe and USA. In India, The disease occurs in southern states and also on hybrid varieties. The dense maize plantation under favourable environmental conditions is affected more severely by the pathogen.

Symptoms: The minute and round to elongated uredosori are present on both the surfaces of leaves in groups or scattered. The rust pustules are yellow coloured at early stage but later they turn brown and surrounded by chlorotic haloes. The entire plant looks unhealthy and pale in severe infection. As the disease advanced, the uredia break off and release reddish brown coloured mass of spores. The dark brown and elongated telia are also present at this stage on the leaves. In the severe form, the leaves dry prematurely causing heavy reduction in grain yield. (Photograph with courtesy of Leonardo Minaré Braúna)
Causal Organism: The rust disease of maize is caused by Puccinia sorghi Schw. The pathogen has heterocious life cycle and it is complete on the two alternate hosts. The uredia and telia are produced on maize and teosinte and the aecial stage is produced on three species of Oxalis. The uredospores are ovoid or elliptic, light brown, minutely spiny, measure 23-33 µm in diameter with four germ pores. The teleutospores are oblong to ellipsoidal, two celled, slightly constricted at the septum, thick walled, round to flattened at the apex, bright chestnut brown coloured, with long pedicel, borne singly on long stalks and measure 30-44 x 11-17 µm. The aeciospores are globose, pale yellow and finely verrucose. (Photograph with courtesy of Leonardo Minaré Braúna)

Disease Cycle: The fungus is an obligate parasite, completing its life cycle on two alternate hosts. The pathogen produces uredia on maize plants which repeat several cycles during the same season. The cultivation of maize crop after maize in the same field or neighbouring fields and the crop is available to the pathogen round the year, facilitating the perpetuation and survival of the pathogen.

Disease Management: The most effective method to control the disease is cultivation of resistant varieties.  

4. LEAF BLIGHT

The leaf blight of maize was first reported from Italy in 1876. The disease has been reported from India, Japan, South Africa and USA. In India, the disease is prevalent in many maize growing states.

Symptoms: The primary symptoms of the disease appear on leaves as small, yellow coloured, round or oval spots which extended along the leaf. The affected leaf tissues gradually become dark coloured and under favourable environmental conditions covered with velvety dark green patches of fungus fructifications. The leaves dried up and showed blight appearance. The growth of plants remains stunted. (Photograph with courtesy of Leonardo Minaré Braúna)
Causal Organism: The leaf blight of maize is caused by Helminthosporium turcicum Pass. The fungal hyphae are present both intra and intercellularly in host mesophyll tissue. The conidiophores arise in groups from stomata situated in diseased leaf surface. The conidiophores are long, narrow, unbranched, slightly curved, septate and yellowish brown. Each conidiophore bears terminal conidium which is olivaceous brown, 3-7 transverse septa, slightly curved, tapering towards the rounded ends and varies in size. (Photograph with courtesy of Leonardo Minaré Braúna)

Disease Cycle: The leaf blight of maize is a soil borne disease. The pathogen survives in the form of conidia on plant debris in the soil. The conidia germinate by germ tube arising from one or both ends. They infect young healthy maize plant leaves and cause leaf blight disease.

Disease Management: The crop rotation and other sanitation practices should be used to minimize the disease inoculum. The disease can be effectively control by spraying of Mancozeb or Zineb.

Cotton; RHIZOCTONIA ROOT ROT; WILT; VERTICILLIUM WILT;ANTHRACNOSE

Cotton: Gossypium spp. Family: Malvaceae 1. RHIZOCTONIA ROOT ROT The root rot of cotton is one of the most severe disease in India and other cotton growing countries such as Africa, Venezuela and USA. The disease is severely found in Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. The disease is mainly found in sandy soils. Symptoms: The disease affected cotton plants shows sudden, complete wilting and spread in concentric circles in the field. The entire root system of the disease affected plants rot. The severely affected plants has only tap root attached with it and other lateral roots decayed and remain in the soil. The tissues of tap root showed discolouration, shredded bark, moist and sticky. The fungal sclerotia may be appeared on the woody tissues rotting bark as minute black dots. Causal Organism: The root rot disease is caused by fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butler and R. solani Kuhn. The fungal hyphae are present in the host tissue inter and intracellularly. The thick and septate hyphae produced sclerotia which are about 100 µm in diameter. The sclerotia of R. bataticola and R. solani are black irregular and dark brown irregular respectively. Disease Cycle: The both the pathogen are facultative parasites and live as a saprophyte on the organic matter in the soil for several years. Once the vulnerable plants come in contact with the pathogen, it dominates inside the roots and multiplies rapidly in the cortical tissues or may also reach up to pith or xylem tissues. The diseased plant roots showed increased accumulation of calcium, iron and some toxic substances which possibly may cause wilt symptoms in the plants. The fungal pathogen also multiplies on some other crop plants. When cotton crop is sown in the next growing season, the pathogen again active and infect the crop. The disease is favoured by 35 °C soil temperature, 15-20 percent soil moisture and alluvial or sandy soils. Disease Management: The seed treatment with Quintogene, Carbendazim and Oxathiin can effectively reduce the seed and soil borne infection. The pre and post sowing drenching of soil with Quintogene and Carbendazim gives maximum disease control. Certain agronomic practices such as mix cropping and growing of shady plants in the field may reduce the disease incidence. The bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, commonly found in rhizosphere of cotton seedlings, generally increased seedling survival. The cultivation of resistant varieties such as KH-33-146, 15-Kw-2 (MB) and 9-Kw-2 (MB) is the best way to control the disease completely. 2. WILT The wilt of cotton is one of the major diseases found wherever the crop is grown. It is believed that the disease was originated in Mexico or Central America and spreading to many African countries, some parts of France, Italy, India, USSR, West Indies and Yugoslavia. In India, the disease was reported first time from Nagpur by Evans in 1908. The disease is now appearing in almost all cotton growing areas of India. The disease is severely found in heavy soils with 20-30 °C soil temperature. The disease is not common in loamy soils of indo-Gangetic plains, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and other states while in Punjab and Jammu & Kashmir, it is absent due to unfavourable soil temperature. It is estimated that the disease causes 40-60 percent yield loss because of reduced growth, small bolls and poor lint quality. Symptoms: The plants of all ages are affected by the disease. The first symptoms of the disease appear on the young seedlings as a vein clearing and interveinal tissue necrosis. The young seedlings show yellowing and browning of the cotyledons and produce brown ring on the petiole. The affected seedlings soon wilt and die. If the disease appear some later stages, the leaves become flaccid and results in the drooping and wilting, starts from older to young leaves of whole plant. The complete defoliation and the barren stem in the field may be seen oftenly. The basal stem of the affected plants shows black coloured discolouration. The black coloured streaks are commonly seen below the bark, extending up to root and shoot tips. The transverse section of the root, shoot, branches, leaves and bolls shows discolouration. The disease affected plants shows retarded growth. Causal Organism: The wilt disease is causing by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Atk.) Snyder & Hansen. The fungal mycelia is present inter and intracellularly in the host tissues. The fungal mycelium plugs the xylem vessels partially or completely and checks the water and mineral supply from root to shoot. The pathogen produces micro and macro conidia in the host and on culture media. The macro conidia are hyaline, 1-5 septate, thin walled, falcate with tapering ends and measuring 27-48 x 2.5-4.5 µm. The micro conidia are hyaline, elliptical to spherical, thin walled and 1-2 celled and measuring 6.4-10.6 x 2.3-3.2 µm. The conidia germinate and produce hyphae and mycelium. Disease cycle: The fungal pathogen enters in the host roots through wounds and openings caused by nematodes and insects. The pathogen multiplies inside the root tissues and reached up to xylem vessels and formed abundant mycelia. The mycelia plug the vessels partially or completely which interrupted nutrient supply to the upper shoot system thus stunting plant growth. The interrupted nutrient supply leads to wilt. The fungal pathogen induces the tyloses formation in the xylem vessels; prevent the upward flow of nutrients. The fusaric acid produced by the pathogen may be another cause of wilt symptoms which is not host specific. The disease is favoured by 20-30 °C soil temperature with optimum temperature 24-28 °C. The dry and hot period followed by monsoon seasons is favourable for fungal disease initiation grown in black soils. The fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus and manganese increase the disease incidence while the zinc and potash reduces the disease. The fungal pathogen can live in the soil as a saprophyte for many years and chlamydospores remain in the soil for several years as resting spores. The pathogen is internally and externally seed borne. The fungal hyphae and chlamydospores play major role in disease dissemination. Disease Management: Since the pathogen is internally and externally seed borne, the seed treatment with systemic fungicides such as Carbendazim, organomercurials, Thiram and Topsin M can effectively reduce surface contamination. The phenolic enzyme activity induced in the seeds treated by Chlorothalonil, Thiabendazole and Carboxin which helps in the reduction of disease intensity. The soil drenching with Bavistin and Benlate can control the wilt disease to some percent. The agronomic practices of cultivation such as changing in sowing dates, application of potash and zinc amendments can also reduces the disease to some extent. The Indian tetraploid cotton varieties are immune to Indian races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. The sowing of resistant varieties is best economical and beneficial way to control the disease. Some resistant/immune Indian varieties are C-C-1-35, JLA-101, AKH-590, SM-143, LD-327 and LD-254.   3. VERTICILLIUM WILT The Verticillium wilt is a major problem of cotton in USA and previous USSR which was reported from India in 1968 on G. hirsutum from south India. The disease appear in the plantation in November-December when crop in boll stage. The disease not only causing yield loss but also deteriorate fiber quality which may be reached up to 90 percent depending upon disease severity. Symptoms: The first symptoms of the disease are appearing on the leaves as pale yellow irregular areas on the margins and central veins with mottling. The yellow areas of leaves become paler, whitish and necrotic. The affected leaves soon shows brown colour, dry and finally shed off. The infection moves in upward direction and complete defoliation may be seen. The longitudinal section of the infected stem reveals pinkish to pinkish brown discolouration of the vascular tissues. The root system is also interrupted by the pathogen. Causal Organism: The fungal pathogen causing wilt disease is Verticillium dahliae Kleb. The hyphae are hyaline, septate and measuring 1.2 x 4.0 µm in diameter. The verticillate conidiophores arise in groups measuring 10.6-38.7 x 1.1-2.6 µm bears single conidia at the top which are unicellular, oval, ellipsoidal, hyaline, verticillate and measuring 2.5-7.5 x 1.1-3.1 µm. The fungal pathogen also produced black coloured sclerotia which are globose to elongate produced within the infected host tissues. Disease Cycle: The disease is soil borne and spreads through sclerotia persists in the soil and conidia carried on the seeds. The disease is disseminated from disease to healthy plants by contact of leaves, stem or roots. The increased availability of nutrients of the host plants has favoured disease development. Disease Management: The crop rotation with cereal crops is an effective method to control the wilt of cotton. The cultivation of resistant varieties can control the disease like Sujatha and CBS-156. The seed treatment with systemic fungicides or organomercurial giving effective disease control. The disease spread may be checked by soil drenching with Benomyl or Benlate.   4. ANTHRACNOSE The anthracnose disease of cotton is found worldwide including India and reported from every cotton growing area.  In severe conditions, the disease is causing considerable yield loss. Symptoms: The disease appears on the cotyledons and primary leaves as small reddish circular spots. The lesion found on the collar regions, girdled the stem, resulting in wilting and death of the seedlings. The splitting and shredding of bark is seen on mature affected plants. The bolls of affected plants show water-soaked, circular, slightly sunken and reddish brown lesions. The lesions increased in size and turn black with red margins. The lesions may coalesce to cover large areas on the bolls. The infection of bolls is reached to the lint and seeds, causing rot and remain smaller in size with deformity. The lint is transformed into a mass of brittle fibre. Causal Organism: The pathogens causing anthracnose of cotton are Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) Butler & Bisby and C. gossypii Southw. The pathogen is producing inter- and intra-cellular mycelium which producing many acervuli on the affected plant parts. The conidiophores are club shaped, hyaline, single shaped which bearing falcate, hyaline, single celled and thin walled conidia. The conidium of C. gossypii is smaller than the conidium of C. capsici. Both the species produced dark, thick walled and septate setae. Disease Cycle: The disease is primarily seed borne and pathogen become active when seed is sown. The secondary spread of the disease is found through air and soil borne conidia. The disease can be spread rapidly in the field under moist and wet environmental conditions, causing seedling wilt, stem lesions and boll rot. The infected bolls produced contaminated seeds on harvesting. Disease Management: The surface contamination of seeds can be eliminating by treating it with concentrated sulphuric acid, organomercurials, sulphur or other seed dressing fungicides. Since the pathogen can be viable for only one year on the seed surface, the sowing of two year old seeds can be useful for disease control. The eradication of collateral weed hosts from around the field can be useful method in checking the disease. The spray of 1 per cent Bordeaux mixture or other fungicide during boll formation is useful in disease check.

Horticulture :: Landscaping :: Garden features

Horticulture :: Landscaping :: Garden features
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	GARDEN FEATURES In order to break the monotony and to enhance the beauty, any garden should contain components of varying nature. Following are certain important features: Avenue  An avenue is the row of trees grown on both sides of roads. Shade and beauty are the sole criteria to be considered while selecting avenue trees. The trees should also be selected according to the length and breadth of the road. AVENUE PLANTING       Topiary  It is the art of developing the plant or training the plant into different forms or shapes like animals, birds, arches,etc. The plant should be amenable for repeated pruning and also flexible with more vegetative growth.  (eg) Hills – Cupressus macrocarpa, Pinus patula        Plains – Casuarina sp., Caesalphinia coriari, Bougainvillea sp., Jaminum sp. TOPIARY        Lawn It enhances the beauty of a garden whether it is small or large. It finds the most important component of a garden giving a view of a green carpet. LAWN WITH SHADE GRASS  Trophy  It is the arrangement of colourful potted plants in differ­ent tiers around a central object which may be a tree trunk, lamp post or a pillar. TROPHY Carpet beds The art of growing ground cover plants closely and trimming them to a design or alphabetical letters is called a carpet bed. Colourful foliage as edge plants is found to be more suitable for this purpose. (eg.) Alternenthera. Shrubs and Shrubbery  Growing of shrubs in a group is called shrubbery. It is of two types (i) Pure shrubbery (ii) Mixed shrubbery. Pure shrubbery refers to planting of entire selected area with a single species and the opposite holds good for mixed shrubbery. Shrubs for showy or attractive flowers (e.g.) Hibiscus, Ixora, Mussanda, Night queen, Euphorbia etc., Shrubs for fragrance (e.g.) Jasmine, Rose, Nandiayavattai (Tabernaemontana), Pavalamalli (Nyctanthes) etc. Shrubs for foliage (e.g.) Crotons, Polycias, Eranthemum, graptophyllum, etc. Arboretum  Growing of different species of trees in one place is called ‘Arboretum'. The trees form the main frame work of the garden. Group of trees in one place will help to give depth to the garden. Trees are very fascinating because of their graceful appearance and the abundance of bloom. They are grown for their economic importance or aesthetic value or both. Flower beds and Borders Annuals and herbaceous perennials are grown in flower beds to provide massing effect of different colours. Borders are continuous beds of more length than width containing plants of one kind only. Flower bed  Ground cover  When a dicot plant is of straggling nature is used to cover the ground surface is called ground cover (eg.)Wedalia, Verbena, Ipomea,  Acalypha, Portulaca. Climbers and creepers  A group of ornamental plants used to grow over walls, trellis, arches, pergolas, arbours, pillars, bowers, etc.These are grouped as light or heavy according to the amount of wood it produces. Annual climbers (e.g.) Clitoria ternatea, sweet pea,morning glory (Ipomoea rubrocaerulea) Clitoria ternatea    Climbers for screening (e.g.) Antigonon leptopus, Passiflora, Porana Ipomoea, Clerodendron splendens, Thunbergia etc. Clerodendron splendens Climbers for low walls or trellis for this purpose only light climbers are selected.  (e.g.) Lonicera japonica, Solanum seaforthianum, Tristellatia australis, Tecoma jasminoides, Jacquemontia violacea. Climbers for pergola usually heavy climbers are grown.  (e.g.) Quisqualis indica, Petrea volubilis, Adenocalymma allicea, Allamanda cathartica, etc. Quisqualis indica Allamanda cathartica Climbers for porches (e.g.) Pyrostegia venusta, Petrea volubilis, Clerodendron splendens, Bougainvillea, Jasminum sp. etc. Flowering climbers in partial shade (e.g.) Passiflora, Aristolochia, Quisqualis indica, Clerodendron splendens, Jacquemontia violaceae. Foliage climbers (e.g.) Scindapsus aureus, Philodendron sp., Monstera deliciosa. Scindapsus aureus                                                    Philodendron              Climbers for pot culture (e.g.) Tristellatia asutralis, Adenocalymma allicea, Clitoira ternatea, Bignonia purpureaetc. Flowering annuals  Antirrhinum, stocks, dwarf sweet pea, pansy, dahlia, chrysanthemum, marigold, sweet alyssum, phlox, pinks (Dianthus) and verbena. Dahlia  Herbaceous perennials Pelargoniums, Michaelmas daisy, Cenna, Mirabilis jalapa, Portulaca, Solidago Canadensis, Vinca rosea, and Perennial verbena. Portulaca Trees One or two drawf trees such Plumeria sp. Callistemon lanceolatus and Gliricida maculata can be grown as specimen plants. Some large to medium trees such as Araucaria cookii, Mimusops elengi, Brassaia actinophylla, etc., can also be grown till they are young. Callistemon lanceolatus Bulbs A variety of bulbous plants of annual or perennial nature can be grown. Water plants Water lillies and other water plants can be grown in the lily pool, if any or in cement tubs. Water lily  Hedges  With the help of plants, live hedges can be formed and used as a fence or a green wall. It serves to screen a particular site or building or hiding of unwanted places. They help to partition the garden into several parts. It provides a natural background to a garden, like a frame to a picture. The characteristics of a good hedge are that it should be thick and dense; it should have foliage from the bottom to top; it should be trim and neat; if it is a flowering hedge its bloom should not clash with the general colour scheme. Some of the most common foliage hedges are Acalypha with its copper-red leaves, it is suitable for a medium hedge; Clerodendron inerme an evergreen drought-resistant plant used frequently by the roadside, is not eaten by cattle or goats, and is suitable for a low to medium hedge; Duranta is also an evergreen drought-resistant fast-growing plant with very neat habit and bright green foliage, suitable as a medium hedge; Dodonea viscosewith its evergreen narrow shining leaves suitable as a medium hedge; Pithecalobium dulci (Inga dulce) with its thorough stems and small feathery leaves making an impregnable medium to tall hedge; Lawsonia alba(Maruthani) with its pretty small bright green leaves is suitable as a low to medium hedge; Murraya exotica with its small dark green leaves is suitable for any size of hedge. There is a large variety of flowering plants which can be used as hedges.  The most prominent of these is the Bougainvillea.  A variety like ‘Thimma’ or ‘Dr. Rao’, or ‘Louise Wathena variegated’ gives pretty blooms as well as beautiful variegated leaves. Acalypha  The other common flowering hedges are Beloperone amhersita with its perpetual rust-colored bracts overlapping small white flower, Buddleia aisatica with gray green foliage and conical fragrant clusters of off-white flowers;Hamelia patens with red-veined leaves like Fuchsia and attractive orange-colored flowers in the rainy season;Hibiscus with its trumpet like bright flowers of orange, pink, white, red, purple, etc. with dark green bright foliage; Jatropha with its star-like rose-crimson flowers; Lantana with its compact dark-green foliage and round cluster of flowers; Lonicera japonica (honeysuckle) with beautiful fragrant white flowers and small dark-green leaves; Plumbago with pearl blue flowers; Pomegranate with tiny leaves and bright scarlet flowers;Tabernaemontana coronaria with star-like pure-white flowers, decorating dark-green shining leaves; and Tecoma stans with bright yellow trumpet-like flowers. Tecoma stans  Edges                                                                                These are perennial herbs often used as a short border for lawn or ground cover or dividing beds from roads, walks or paths. These herbs often stand frequent trimming. They consist of live material like the dwarf plants or inert material like bricks, stone slabs or corrugated iron sheets.  The common evergreen edges used for edging are Eupatorium and Alternanthera.  Justicea is capable of standing rainfed or drought conditions.  Pilea, dwarf marigold and dwarf Coleus are also used as edges in rockeries. Dwarf marigold  Suitable plants as informal edgings Achillea tomentosa and A. tonbellata Alyssum saxatile Bellis perennis varieties Campanula, all dwarf species Dianthus deltoids, D. squarrosus, etc. Geranium farreri and G. sanguineum Gypsophila repens Hypericum olympicum Iberis sampervirens Linum salsoloides Phlox subulata varieties Polyanthus varieties Priumula pulgaris varieties Conservatory or summer house  It is made of wood and iron to the size of the glass house. It can be located in a cool shady place. Shade loving plants are mainly grown in pots which are highly priced for the ornamental foliage. It is also called as green house and glass house. It helps to create a special environ with cool, airy, humid and marshy soil for shade loving, moisture loving and water loving plants. The root of such structure is made of wooden reapers, angle irons and concrete poles and covered with mesh or natural creepers. A tank or water trough is constructed at the center to increase humidity and few benches are provided for the display of plants.  Such structures can be erected under a partial shade preferably. Sunken garden  It is formed by taking the advantage of a natural depression. The depression is made into different tiers over which ground covers, edges, flower beds and small herbs may be grown. At the center of depression, a pond or pool is formed to grow water plants. Rock garden  A rock garden is the arrangement of rocks with plants grown in the crevices. Its bold ruggedness is a pleasant contrast to the softness of the flowers. The stones help the plants in retaining their moisture and keep­ing their roots cool. In plains, on the sunny side some of the cacti & succulents; Lantana, Setcreasea, Verbena, etc can be grown successfully. Ferns and some indoor plants also look natural on the rockery slopes in shade. Lantana camera  Water garden  It may have a water course, a water pond and a water foun­tain or any one or more of these features, harbouring water loving and marsh plants. Water gardens, no matter, how tiny, are extremely effective in beautifying the landscape. Water lilies (Nymphaea) are the most popular water plants.Another aspect to be considered is the depth of water.  The large tank is around 3-5 m deep at the deepest point.  A reflecting garden pool is preferably shallow with a depth of 25-30 cm. If hydrophytic plants are to be grown, varying depths have to be provided in the same pond, which may range from 15 to 90 cm, the deepest portion allotted to lotus and water lilies.  In shallow pockets and galleries, swamp plants such as Typha and Cyperus are accommodated.  Salvinia, Pista and other floating plants may be conveniently added to this grouping. Provision is necessary to prevent rain water and through it silt entering into the pool. A slightly raised rim to a height of 10 cm will be helpful in this regard. Provision to drain the pool by providing an outlet at its floor level will help to clean it, as often as is necessary. Water garden  Two level garden / Formal garden  This is also called as an "Italian style" or 'scroll' garden. It is symmetric with two tiers, the down tier is grown with flower beds, edges, etc. and a small pond at the centre. The upper tier is decorated with flowering shrubs, hedges, etc. Japanese garden  Japanese garden is mainly divided into three types namely Mountain garden Island garden Tea garden The paths and roads in these gardens are narrow and bushy plants are grown along the path to provide concealment. Islands are interconnected by bridges made up of stones or bamboo or stems of palms. The mountains are the source of water located at one side of the garden. River stones, water plants, bamboo, dwarf trees, stone lanterns are the components in these gardens. Bamboos, cycads are the commonly found ornamental plants in this garden. Garden adornments There are several garden adornments and accessories such as fountains, statues, garden seats, ornamental posts and pillars, arches and pergolas, trellises, hanging baskets, tubs, vases and urns with plants which make the garden more enjoyable. Playing of a fountain is an interesting feature in a garden and the water in the cistern should be kept clean. Garden seats made up of stones, concrete or metal are placed under the tree. Handsome tubs, vessels and urns are utilized to display plants in conspicuous places. Arbours, arches, pergolas and trellises serve as support to several beautiful plants and to dispel monotony in garden. Arbours are usually open in all sides. Very often a long wall or the end of a pergola leads to an arbour. Arches are generally erected over walks, usually at the entrance and are usually two meters in height. Pergolas are series of arches connected over a walk.