Crop Protection :: Pest of paddy

Crop Protection :: Pest of paddy

Crop : Rice Scientific Name : Oryza Sativa Order: Cyperales Family : Poaceae Local Names : Nellu Major Pests Important pests of Rice Nursery pests Thrips: Stenchaetothrips biformis Symptoms Identification Management Green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens Symptoms Identification Management Rice case worm: Nymphula depunctalis Symptoms Identification Management Paddy stemborer: Scirpophaga incertulas Symptoms Identification Management Swarming caterpillar: Spodoptera mauritia Symptoms Identification Management Main field pests Paddy stemborer: Scirpophaga incertulas Symptoms Identification Management Gall midge: Orseolia oryzae Symptoms Identification Management Swarming caterpillar: Spodoptera mauritia Symptoms Identification Management Rice skipper: Pelopidas mathias Symptoms Identification Management Leaf folder (or) leaf roller, Cnaphalocrocis mainsails Symptoms Identification Management Rice horned caterpillar, Melanitis ismene Symptoms Identification Management Yellow hairy caterpillar, Psalis pennatula Symptoms Identification Management Grasshopper, Hieroglyphus banian Symptoms Identification Management Spiny beetle / Rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera Symptoms Identification Management Whorl maggot, Hydrellia sasakii Symptoms Identification Management Green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens Symptoms Identification Management Brown plant leafhopper, Nilaparvata lugens Symptoms Identification Management White backed plant hopper, Sogatella furcifera Symptoms Identification Management Mealy bug, Brevennia rehi Symptoms Identification Management Rice earhead bug: Leptocorisa acuta Symptoms Identification Management Thrips: Stenchaetothrips biformis Symptoms Identification Management Top I. Nursery pests 1. Thrips: Stenchaetothrips biformis Symptoms of damage Laceration of  the tender leaves and suck the plant sap Yellow (or) silvery streaks on the leaves of young seedlings Terminal rolling and drying of leaves from tip to base It causes damage both in nursery and main field Initial - inward rolling Silvery streak Identification of insect pest  Adults - are dark brown in colour Nymph Adult Management Spray any one of the following in nursery stage Phosphamidon    40 SL       50 ml Monocrotophos   36 SL       40 ml Top 2. Green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens,  Symptom of damage Yellowing of leaves from tip to downwards. Vector for the diseases viz., Rice tungro virus, rice yellow & transitory yellowing Yellowing Rice tungro virus Identification of insect pest  Adults - are green with black spot and black patch on wings. Adult - Green leaf hopper Management Use resistant varieties like IR 50, CR 1009, Co 46. Apply neem cake @ 12.5 kg/20 cent nursery as basal dose The vegetation on the bunds should also be sprayed with the insecticides Set up light traps Top 3. Rice case worm, Nymphula depunctalis  Symptom of damage Caterpillars feed on green tissues of the leaves and leave become whitish papery Tubular cases around the tillers by cutting the apical portion of leaves Floating of tubular cases on the water Case tubes Identification of insect pest Larva - Pale translucent green with orange head. It has filamentous gills on the sides of the body Adult:  Moth is delicate white moth with pale brown wavy markings Larva Adult   Management Drain the water Dislodge the cases – running rope Nursery - Mix 100 ml kerosene in standing water. Spray monocrotophos 36 WSC 500 ml / ha Top 4. Paddy stemborer: Scirpophaga incertulas Symptom of damage Presence of brown coloured egg mass near leaf tip. Caterpillar bore into central shoot of paddy seedling and tiller Causes drying of the central shoot known as“dead heart” Grown up plant whole panicle becomes dried“white ear”. Dead heart White ear Identification of insect pest Egg - Laid in a mass and covered with buff coloured hairs. Larva - Pale yellow with dark brown head. Pupa - White silken cocoon. Adult Female moth - bright yellowish brown fore wings with a black spot possess a tuft of yellow hairs. Male moth - Smaller with pale yellow forewings without black spot. Egg  Larva   Adult Management Resistant varieties: Ratna, Jaya, TKM 6. Avoid close planting and continuous water stagnation Pull out and destroy the affected tillers Set up light traps to attract and kill the moths Harvest the crop upto the ground level and disturb the stubbles Release the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma japonicum on twice @ 5  cc/ha/ (followed by monocrotophos 36 SL spray thrice @ 1000 ml/ha on 58, 65 and 72 DAT) Apply Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki and neem seed kernel extract Spray any one of the following insecticides Monocrotophos         36 SL       1000 ml/ha Quinalphos                25 EC      1000 ml/ha Phosphamidon           40 SL        600 ml/ha Profenophos               50 EC     1000 ml/ha Top   5. Swarming caterpillar, Spodoptera mauritia Symptom of damage Larvae cut the seedlings in large scale Severe infestation - cattle grazing appearance to the field. They feed gregariously and march from field to field. Identification of insect pest Egg - Laid in masses on leaves and covered with grey hairs Larva - Caterpillar is cylindrical dark to pale green with lateral lines along the body Pupa - Pupates in an earthen cocoon in soil Adult - Moth is medium sized stoutly build. Dark brown with a conspicuous triangular spot on fore wings. larva Adult Management Kerosenate the water while irrigation – suffocation Allow ducks into the field    Nursery Drain the water Spray chlorpyriphos 20 EC 80ml + 20 lit of water for 8 cents Top II. Main field pests 1. Paddy stemborer: Scirpophaga incertulas Symptom of damage Presence of brown coloured egg mass near leaf tip. Caterpillar bore into central shoot of paddy seedling and tiller Causes drying of the central shoot known as“dead heart” Grown up plant whole panicle becomes dried“white ear”. Dead heart   White ear Identification of insect pest Egg - Laid in a mass and covered with buff coloured hairs. Larva - Pale yellow with dark brown head. Pupa - White silken cocoon. Adult Female moth - bright yellowish brown fore wings with a black spot possess a tuft of yellow hairs. Male moth - Smaller with pale yellow forewings without black spot. Egg  Larva   Adult Management Resistant varieties: Ratna, Jaya, TKM 6. Avoid close planting and continuous water stagnation Pull out and destroy the affected tillers Set up light traps to attract and kill the moths Harvest the crop upto the ground level and disturb the stubbles Release the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma japonicum on twice @ 5  cc/ha/ (followed by monocrotophos 36 SL spray thrice @ 1000 ml/ha on 58, 65 and 72 DAT) Apply Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki and neem seed kernel extract Spray any one of the following insecticides Monocrotophos         36 SL       1000 ml/ha Quinalphos                25 EC      1000 ml/ha Phosphamidon           40 SL        600 ml/ha Profenophos               50 EC     1000 ml/ha Top 2. Gall midge, Orseolia oryzae Symptom of damage Maggot feeds at the base of the growing shoot Causing formation of a tube like gall that is similar to “onion leaf” or “Silver-shoot”. Infested tillers produce no panicles. Tuber gall Identification of insect pest Egg: Reddish, elongate, tubular eggs just near the ligule of the leaf blade Larva: Maggot is pale to red colour feeds inside the gall. Pupa: pupates at the base of the gall and moves to tip of the gall Adult: Adult is orange coloured mosquito like fly Egg      Adult    Management Early ploughing Resistant varieties: MDU 3, Shakthi, Vikram and Sureka Harvest the crop and plough immediately Remove the alternate hosts and adjust the time of planting (early) Use early maturing  varieties Optimum recommendation of potash fertilizer Setup light trap and monitor the adult flies Top 3. Swarming caterpillar, Spodoptera mauritia Symptom of damage Larvae cut the seedlings in large scale Severe infestation - cattle grazing appearance to the field. They feed gregariously and march from field to field. Identification of insect pest Egg - Laid in masses on leaves and covered with grey hairs Larva - Caterpillar is cylindrical dark to pale green with lateral lines along the body Pupa - Pupates in an earthen cocoon in soil Adult - Moth is medium sized stoutly build. Dark brown with a conspicuous triangular spot on fore wings. larva Adult Management Kerosenate the water while irrigation – suffocation Allow ducks into the field    Nursery Drain the water Spray chlorpyriphos 20 EC 80ml + 20 lit of water for 8 cents Top 4. Rice skipper, Pelopidas mathias Symptom of damage Edges of the leaves are fastened with webbing. Backward rolling of leaves, caterpillar feeds from margin to  inwards Identification of insect pest Larva: Pale green with constructed neck. Adult: Butterfly with brown coloured wings and curved antenna Caterpillar   Adult Management Spray   monocrotophos 36 WSC 500 ml / ha Top 5. Leaf folder (or) leaf roller, Cnaphalocrocis mainsails / Marasmia patnalis Symptom of damage Leaves fold longitudinally and larvae remains inside. Larvae scrapes the green tissues of the leaves and becomes white and dry. During severe infestation the whole field exhibits scorched appearance Longitudinal folding     larva inside the fold        leaf folder white and dried leaves Identification of insect pest  Egg - Flat, oval in shape and yellowish white in colour. Larva - Greenish translucent Adult - Moth is brownish with many dark wavy lines in centre and dark band on margin of wings Larva Adult Management Resistant varieties: TNAU LFR 831311, Cauveri, Akash, TKM 6 Clipping of the affected leaves Keep the bunds clean Avoid excessive nitrogenous fertilizers Light traps to attract and kill moths Release Trichogramma chilonis @ 1, 25,000/ha thrice Spray NSKE 5 % or carbaryl 50 WP 1 Kg or chlorpyriphos 20 EC 1250 ml/ ha. Apply Cholorpyriphos 5 ml in 1 lit of water Top                                     6. Rice horned caterpillar, Melanitis ismene  Damage Larva feeds on leaf blades of rice. Leaves are defoliated from the margin or tip irregularly. Identification of insect pest Egg - White eggs singly on the leaves is green, Larva - Lightly flattened with two red horns processes on the head Two yellow processes in the anal end Pupa - Chrysalis, which suspends from the leaf. Adult - dark brown with large wings having a black yellow eye like spot one on each of the fore wings. Caterpillar       Adult Management Spray monocrotophos 36 WSC 500 ml / ha Top 7. Yellow hairy caterpillar, Psalis pennatula Symptoms of damage Caterpillar causes defoliation Identification of insect pest   Larva Caterpillar is yellowish brown with red stripes Orange head and tufts of hairs all over the body. Pupa - pale white cocoon of silk and frass attached to the leaf Adult - Moth is stout with straw coloured forewings. Management  Spray   monocrotophos 36 WSC 500 ml / ha. Top 8. Grasshopper, Hieroglyphus banian Short horned grasshopper, Oxya  nitidula  Symptom of damage Irregular feeding on seedlings and leaf blade Cutting of stem at panicle stage Completely defoliate the plants leaving only the mid ribs Identification of insect pest   Adults - Green, larger with transverse black lines on pronotum Management Expose the eggs to be picked up by birds after ploughing and trim the bunds Dusting the crop with 5-10% BHC or methyl parathion 2% @ 25-30 kg/ha Dusting malathion 5% @ 20 kg/ha. Top 9. Spiny beetle / Rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera Symptoms of damage Adults feed on chlorophyll by scraping and causing white parallel streaks White patches along with long axis of leaf. Grubs mine into the leaves and make blister near leaf tips. Identification of insect pest Larva - Grub is minute, flat and yellow Adult - Blue - black shiny beetle with spines on the thorax and elytra Adult Management Leaf tip containing blotch mines should be  destroyed          Manual collection and killing of beetles – hand nets Top 10. Whorl maggot, Hydrellia sasakii,  Symptom od damage Maggot  feeds on the tender tissue inside the whorl Yellowish white longitudinal marginal blotching with hole Leaves shrivelled plant stunted and maturity delayed. Drooping of young leaves near the tip Yellowish white blotching Identification of the pest Maggot - Yellowish white in colour. Adult - Small dull grey fly. Management Remove the alternate hosts and adjust the time of planting (early) Use early maturing  varieties Optimum recommendation of potash fertilizer Top 11. Green leafhopper, Nephotettix virescens,  Symptom of damage Yellowing of leaves from tip to downwards. Vector for the diseases viz., Rice tungro virus, rice yellow & transitory yellowing Yellowing Adult Identification of insect pest Adults - are green with black spot and black patch on wings. Management Use resistant varieties like IR 50, CR 1009, Co 46. Apply neem cake @ 12.5 kg/20 cent nursery as basal dose The vegetation on the bunds should also be sprayed with the insecticides Set up light traps Spray  insecticides twice, 15 and 30 days after transplanting like phosphamidon 40 SL@ 1000 ml /ha profenophos 50 EC @1000 ml/ha Top 12. Brown plant leafhopper, Nilaparvata lugens Symptoms of damage Nymphs and adults congregate at the base of the plant above the water level Affected plant dries up and gives a scorched appearance called “hopper burn”. Circular patches of drying and lodging of matured plant It is vector of grassy stunt, ragged stunt and wilted stunt diseases Hopper burn Grassy stunt Identification of insect pest Adult: Brown body and chestnut brown eyes. It has two forms viz., (Macropterous (long winged) and brachypterous (short winged)). Management Use resistant/tolerant varieties like Aruna, ADT 36, Co 42, Co 46 IR 36, IR 72. Avoid close planting To provide 30 cm rogue spacing at every 2.5 m to reduce the pest incidence. Avoid use of excessive nitrogenous fertilizers Control irrigation by intermittent draining Set up light traps during night Yellow pan traps during day time Conserve  natural enemies like Lycosa pseudoannulata, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Avoid synthetic pyrethroids, methyl parathion, fenthion and quinalphos causing resurgence Drain the water before the use of insecticides Apply any one of the following Phosphamidon 40 SL@ 1000 ml/ha, Monocrotophos 36 SL @ 1250 ml/ha Carbofuran 3 G @ 17.5 kg/ha Imidacloprid 18.5@ 100 ml/ha Thiomethoxam 20 WDG@ 100 ml/ha Dichlorvos 76 WSC @  350 ml/ ha Neem oil   3% @  15 lit/ha Iluppai oil  6% @  30 lit/ha Neem seed kernel extract 5% @ 25 kg/ha Top   13. White backed plant hopper, Sogatella furcifera,  Damage Suck the sap and cause stunted growth. “Hopper burn” is caused in irregular patches. Identification of insect pest  Nymph - White in colour and pronotum is pale yellow. Adult - Possess a diamond like marking on the thorax and ovipositional site is black streaks. Nymphs and adults Management Avoid use of excessive nitrogenous fertilizers Control irrigation by intermittent draining Apply any one of the following Phosphamidon 40 SL@ 1000 ml/ha, Monocrotophos 36 SL @ 1250 ml/ha Carbofuran 3 G @ 17.5 kg/ha Dichlorvos 76 WSC @  350 ml/ ha Neem oil   3% @  15 lit/ha Iluppai oil  6% @  30 lit/ha Neem seed kernel extract 5% @ 25 kg/ha Top 14. Mealybug, Brevennia rehi  Damage Large number of insects remains in leaf sheath and suck the sap. Plants become week, yellowish and very much stunted in circular patches. Presence of white waxy fluff in leaf sheaths Identification of insect pest   Adult - Small reddish white, soft-bodied wingless insect covered with filamentous materials. Management Durin field preparation - remove the grasses from the bunds and trim the bunds Remove and destroy the affected plants.  Spray any one of the following insecticides in the initial stage of infestation dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml/ha methyl demeton 25 EC@ 500 ml/ha. Conserve the natural enemies like Scymnus sp.,Anatrichus pygmaeus, and Mepachymerus ensifer Top 15. Rice earhead bug: Leptocorisa acuta Symptoms of damage Sucking the sap from individual grains, which are in milky stage. Individual grains become chaffy Black spots on the grains at the site of feeding puncture. Buggy odour in rice field during milky stage Eggs   Black spots  Identification of insect pest  Eggs: Dark, reddish brown and  laid in rows of 10-15 on the leaves (or) panicles Nymphs: Green to brown. Adults: Slender with long legs and antennae. They are brownish green in colour, while disturbing it emittes stink odour Adult Management Dust any one of the following at 25 kg/ha twice, the first during flowering and second a week later Quinalphos  1.5 D                                           Carbaryl        10 D Malathion        5 D KKM             10 D KKM dust formulation consists of 10% of Acorus calamus rhizome powder and 90% of fly ash This dust formulation repels the rice earhead bug.                 Spray any one of the following twice as above Fenthion 100 EC @ 500 ml/ha or Malathion 50 EC @ 500 ml/ha     Neem seed kernel extract 5% @  25 kg/ha or Notchi or Prosopis leaf extract 10% . Top 16. Thrips: Stenchaetothrips biformis Symptoms of damage Laceration of  the tender leaves and suck the plant sap Yellow (or) silvery streaks on the leaves of young seedlings Terminal rolling and drying of leaves from tip to base It causes damage both in nursery and main field Silvery streaks Identification of insect pest  Adults - are dark brown in colour Management Spray any one of the following in nursery stage Phosphamidon    40 SL       50 ml Monocrotophos   36 SL       40 ml Spray any one of the following in main field stage Phosphamidon    40 SL       300 ml Monocrotophos   36 SL       30 ml