Horticulture :: Vegetables::Tomato
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Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
Solanaceae
Varieties
PKM 1, CO 3 (Marutham) and Paiyur 1
Hybrids
COTH 2 and TNAU Tomato Hybrid CO 3
Soil
Well drained loamy soils rich in organic matter with a pH range of 6.5-7.5.
Season of sowing
May - June and November – December
Nursery bed preparation
Apply FYM 10 kg, Neem cake 1 kg, VAM 50 g, enriched Superphosphate 100 g and Furadon 10 g per square meter before sowing.
Seed rate
Varieties : 300-350 g / ha Hybrids : 100-150 g / ha
Seed treatment
Treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride 4 g or Pseudomonas fluorescens 10 g or Carbendazim 2 g per kg of seeds 24 hours before sowing. Just before sowing, treat the seeds with Azospirillum @ 40 g / 400 g of seeds. Sow in lines at 10 cm apart in raised nursery beds and cover with sand. Protected nursery
Field preparation
Plough the land to fine tilth. Thoroughly prepare the field with the addition of FYM @ 25 t/ ha and form ridges and furrows at a spacing of 60 cm. Apply 2 kg/ha of Azospirillum and 2 kg/ha of Phosphobacteria by mixing with 50 kg of FYM. Irrigate the furrows and transplant 25 days old seedlings on the sides of ridges. Life irrigation to be given on 3rd day of planting.
Spacing for varieties
PKM 1, Paiyur 1, COTH 2, TNAU Tomato Hybrid CO 3 : 60 x 45 cm CO 3 : 45 x 30 cm
Mulching
Mulch with black LDPE sheets of 25 micron thickness and bury both the ends into the soil to a depth of 10 cm
Weed control
Apply Pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i./ha or Fluchloralin 1.0 kg a.i / ha as pre-emergence herbicide, followed by hand weeding once at 30 days after planting.
Irrigation
After establishment of seedlings, irrigate at weekly intervals.
Layout and planting for drip irrigation & fertigation
Manuring
Varieties Basal dose : FYM 25 t/ha, NPK 75:100:50 kg / ha Borax 10 kg and Zinc sulphate 50 kg / ha Top dressing : 75 kg N/ha on 30th day of planting or during earthing up. Hybrids Basal dose : FYM 25 t/ha, NPK 50:250:100 kg/ha Borax 10 kg and Zinc sulphate 50 kg/ha Top dressing : N and K each 150 kg/ha in 3 equal splits at 30, 45 and 60 days after planting.
Fertigation schedule for tomato hybrids
Recommended dose: 200:250: 250 kg / ha
75% of RD of P applied as superphosphate as basal application= 1172 kg/ha
1. 19:19:19 = 132 kg / ha 2. 12:61:0 = 62 kg / ha 3. 13:0:45 = 500 kg / ha 4. Urea = 223 kg / ha
Growth regulators
Spray 1.25 ppm (625 ml in 500 litres of water) Triacontanol at 15 days after transplanting and at full bloom stage to increase the yield.
Training of hybrids
Micronutrient spray
Protected cultivation Production practices for cultivation of tomato under shade net During summer, the hybrid tomato can be grown in a shade level of 35 per cent under paired row planting system (80 x 40 x 60 cm - between pairs, rows and plants) with a basal application of 50 kg each of N and K and 250 kg of P / ha and fertigation of 200 kg each of N and K through straight fertilizers.
Protected cultivation of tomato in polyhouse
During rainy season, the indeterminate tomato hybrid has to be grown in the medium consisting of FYM : composted coir pith: sand (2:1:1) with irrigation regime of 20kPa and basal application of 50kg each of NPK/ha as straight fertilizers and 250 kg each of NPK as water soluble and straight fertilizers through fertigation along with black polyethylene mulch (50 microns).
Plant Protection
Pests Fruit borer
Helicoverpa armigera
Serpentine leaf miner
Spray Neem Seed Kernel Extract 5 %.
Whitefly
1. Install yellow sticky traps @12/ha to attract the adult. 2. Remove alternate weed host Abutilon indicum 3. Apply carbofuran 3% G @ 40 kg /ha or spray any one of the following insecticides
Nematode
Soil application of Bacillus subtilis (BbV 57) or Pseudomonas fluorescens as seed treatment @ 10 g/kg of seeds and soil application (SA) @ 2.5 kg / ha for the management root knot and reniform nematode infestation in soil and root. Application of liquid formulation of Bacillus subtilis (BbV 57) or Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 1000 ml/ha through drip irrigation for the management of root knot nematode in tomato.
Diseases
Damping off (nursery) Treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride 4 g/kg or Pseudomonas fluorescens 10 g /kg of seed 24 hours before sowing. Apply Pseudomonas fluorescens as soil application @ 2.5 kg/ha mixed with 50 kg of FYM. Water stagnation should be avoided. Drench with Copper oxychloride at 2.5 g/lit at 4 lit/sq.m.
Leaf spot
Leaf spot can be controlled by spraying Zineb or Mancozeb 2 g/lit.
Fusarial wilt and Root knot nematode
Soil solarization before preparation of nursery bed. Seed treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens (PF) @ 10 g /kg of seed, followed by nursery application of Pf1@ 20 g/m2 and seedling dip with Pf1 @ 5g/l along with soil application of Pf1 @ 2.5 kg mixed with 50 kg FYM /ha at 30 days of transplanting.
Leaf curl
Spray systemic insecticides like methyl demeton or dimethoate @ 2 ml/lit. to kill the insect vector, whitefly.
Tomato spotted wilt disease
Carbofuran 3 G @ 33 kg/ha in
nursery at sowing and second application @ 40 kg /ha on 10 days after
transplanting in main field and 3 sprays of phosalone 35 EC @ 1.5 ml/lit
@ 25, 40, 55 days after transplanting.
Tomato spotted wilt disease
Peanut bud necrosis virus
Selection of healthy seedlings and rouging of PBNV infected plants up to 45 days of planting. Apply Carbofuran 3 G 1 kg a.i./ha in nursery at sowing and second application at 1.25 kg a.i./ha 10 days after transplanting in mainfield and 3 sprays of Dimethoate 30 EC 1 ml/l or Methyl demeton 25 EC 1 ml/l or Phosphomidan 1.0 ml/l @ 25, 40 and 55 days after transplanting.
Duration
110- 115 days from transplanting (135 - 140 days from sowing)
Yield
Varieties : 30 - 40 t / ha Hybrids : 80 - 95 t / ha Boom flower - N spray at 2ml / litre in three sprays – 30 days, 55 days and 75 days after planting increase the yield.
IPM Package for Tomato
Source
1. http://www.ikisan.com/Images/tom_im_tob.cater3.jpg 2. http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/path-ext/factSheets/Tomato/Tomato%20images/spotted wilttomato2small.jpg 3. http://msucares.com/newsletters/pests/infobytes/images/ghtswv1.jpg |
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Sunday, 9 March 2014
Horticulture :: Vegetables::Tomato
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